Table of Contents
- 1. Product Overview
- 1.1 Core Features and Advantages
- 1.2 Matumizi Lengwa
- 2. Vipimo vya Kiufundi na Ufafanuzi wa Kimaadili
- 2.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
- 2.2 Photoelectric Characteristics
- 3. Binning System Description
- 3.1 Kugawanya Kwa Nguvu ya Mwanga
- 3.2 Kugawanya Kwa Wavelength Kuu
- 3.3 Forward Voltage Binning
- 4. Uchambuzi wa Mkunjo wa Utendaji
- 4.1 Uhusiano wa Nguvu ya Mwanga ya Jamaa na Joto la Mazingira
- 4.2 Mkunjo wa Kupunguza Mkondo wa Mbele
- 4.3 Uhusiano wa Mkondo wa Mbele na Voltage ya Mbele (Mkunjo wa I-V)
- 4.4 Uhusiano wa Ukali wa Mwanga na Mkondo wa Mbele
- 4.5 Spectral Distribution
- 4.6 Radiation Pattern Diagram
- 5. Mechanical and Packaging Information
- 5.1 Package Dimensions
- 5.2 Polarity Identification and Pad Design
- 6. Mwongozo wa Uchomeaji na Usanikishaji
- 6.1 Mkunjo wa Joto wa Reflow Soldering (Bila Risasi)
- 6.2 Manual Soldering
- 6.3 Storage and Moisture Protection Requirements
- 7. Habari za Ufungaji na Uagizaji
- 7.1 Tape and Reel Specifications
- 7.2 Label Description
- 8. Vizingatio vya Ubunifu wa Matumizi
- 8.1 Lazima Kutumia Upinzani wa Kizuizi cha Mkondo
- 8.2 Thermal management.
- 8.3 Ulinzi wa ESD
- 9. Ulinganishi wa Teknolojia na Tofauti
- 10. Maswali Yanayoulizwa Mara kwa Mara (FAQ)
- 10.1 Ni upinzani wa thamani gani unapaswa kuchagua wakati wa kutumia chanzo cha umeme cha 5V?
- 10.2 Je, inawezekana kutotumia upinzani wa kudhibiti mkondo unapotumia chanzo cha mkondo wa mara kwa mara?
- 10.3 Kwa nini anuwai ya nguvu ya mwanga ni pana sana (18-45 mcd)?
- 10.4 Je, nambari ya sehemu 19-219/R6C-AM1N2VY/3T inasomwaje?
- 11. Uundaji na Uchambuzi wa Kesi za Matumizi
- 12. Utangulizi wa Kanuni za Kiufundi
- 13. Industry Trends and Development
1. Product Overview
19-219 is a surface-mount device (SMD) LED designed for high-density and miniaturized applications. It utilizes AlGaInP chip technology to emit bright red light. Its primary advantage lies in its compact size, which significantly reduces PCB footprint, storage space, and overall device dimensions compared to traditional lead-frame LEDs. The device is lightweight and complies with modern manufacturing and environmental standards, including RoHS, REACH, and halogen-free requirements.
1.1 Core Features and Advantages
- Ufungashaji Ulio na Ukubwa Mdogo Sana:Vipimo vidogo vya nje (1.6mm x 0.8mm) vinavyowezesha msongamano mkubwa wa ufungashaji na miniaturization ya bidhaa za mwisho.
- Uchangamano wa Uzalishaji:Inapatikana kwa namna ya mkanda wa 8mm kwenye reeli ya inchi 7, inalingana kabisa na vifaa vya usakinishaji wa kiotomatiki.
- Uaminifu wa Kuunganisha:Inalingana na mchakato wa kuunganisha kwa njia ya infrared na mvuke, inafaa kwa uzalishaji mkubwa.
- Usawa wa Kifedha:产品无铅，符合RoHS、REACH标准，并满足无卤素规格（Br <900ppm，Cl <900ppm，Br+Cl <1500ppm）。
- Aina ya Rangi Moja:Inatoa mwanga mmoja mkali wa rangi nyekundu.
1.2 Matumizi Lengwa
LED hii inafaa sana kwa matumizi yanayohitaji kiashiria au taa ya nyuma ndogo na ya kuaminika katika nafasi iliyopungwa.
- Backlighting for instrument panels and switches.
- Status indicator lights and keyboard backlighting in communication equipment (telephones, fax machines).
- Flat backlighting for LCD panels, switches, and symbols.
- Matumizi ya kawaida ya taa za kiashiria katika elektroniki za watumiaji na viwanda.
2. Vipimo vya Kiufundi na Ufafanuzi wa Kimaadili
Sehemu hii inaorodhesha kwa kina viwango vya juu kabisa vya kiwango na sifa za kawaida za optoelektroniki. Isipokuwa imebainishwa vinginevyo, data zote zimepimwa kwa joto la mazingira (Ta) la 25°C.
2.1 Absolute Maximum Ratings
Viwango hivi vinafafanua mipaka ambayo inaweza kusababisha uharibifu wa kudumu wa kifaa. Hakuna uhakikisho wa uendeshaji chini ya hali hizi.
- Reverse Voltage (VR):5 V. Exceeding this voltage under reverse bias may cause junction breakdown.
- Continuous Forward Current (IF):25 mA. Direct current that can be continuously applied.
- Peak forward current (IFP):60 mA (duty cycle 1/10, 1kHz). Applicable only for pulse operation.
- Power Consumption (Pd):60 mW. Maximum allowable power dissipation.
- Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Human Body Model (HBM):2000 V. Inaonyesha unyeti wa kati wa ESD; inahitaji hatua za kawaida za ulinzi dhidi ya ESD.
- Joto la uendeshaji (Topr):-40°C hadi +85°C. Masafa ya joto ya mazingira ambayo inaweza kufanya kazi kwa uaminifu.
- Storage Temperature (Tstg):-40°C to +90°C.
- Soldering Temperature:Uchomeleaji wa reflow: hadi 260°C kwa sekunde 10. Uchomeleaji wa mikono: hadi 350°C kwa kila pini kwa sekunde 3.
2.2 Photoelectric Characteristics
Katika IFTypical performance parameters measured under = 5mA conditions.
- Luminous intensity (Iv):18 - 45 mcd (millicandela). A measure of perceived brightness. The broad range is managed through binning (see Section 3).
- Viewing angle (2θ1/2):130 degrees (typical). This wide viewing angle makes it suitable for applications where the LED may not be viewed head-on.
- Peak wavelength (λp):632 nm (typical). The wavelength at which the spectral output is strongest.
- Dominant wavelength (λd):617.5 - 633.5 nm. The perception of the emission color at a single wavelength is also binned.
- Spectral bandwidth (Δλ):20 nm (typical). The width of the emission spectrum at half of its maximum intensity.
- Forward voltage (VF):1.7 - 2.2 V. Voltage drop across the LED when a 5mA current passes through. This parameter is binned to ensure design consistency.
- Reverse current (IR):at VR=5V is a maximum of 10 μA. A measure of leakage current in the off state.
Tolerance specification:Toleransi ya nguvu ya mwanga ni ±11%, toleransi ya urefu wa wimbi kuu ni ±1nm, na toleransi ya voltage ya mbele ikilinganishwa na thamani ya kiwango ni ±0.05V.
3. Binning System Description
Ili kuhakikisha uthabiti wa rangi na mwangaza katika uzalishaji, LED zimegawanywa katika viwango tofauti. 19-219 hutumia vigezo vitatu vya kujitegemea vya kugawanya.
3.1 Kugawanya Kwa Nguvu ya Mwanga
Kulingana na nguvu ya mwanga iliyopimwa kwenye 5mA, LED zimegawanywa katika vikundi vinne (M1, M2, N1, N2).
- M1:18.0 - 22.5 mcd
- M2:22.5 - 28.5 mcd
- N1:28.5 - 36.0 mcd
- N2:36.0 - 45.0 mcd
3.2 Kugawanya Kwa Wavelength Kuu
LEDs are divided into four bins (E3, E4, E5, E6) to control precise red hue.
- E3:617.5 - 621.5 nm
- E4:621.5 - 625.5 nm
- E5:625.5 - 629.5 nm
- E6:629.5 - 633.5 nm
3.3 Forward Voltage Binning
LED zimegawanywa katika vigezo vitano (19, 20, 21, 22, 23) ili kuzigrupa vifaa vilivyo na sifa sawa za umeme, jambo linalosaidia usawa wa mkondo katika miundo yenye LED nyingi.
- 19:1.7 - 1.8 V
- 20:1.8 - 1.9 V
- 21:1.9 - 2.0 V
- 22:2.0 - 2.1 V
- 23:2.1 - 2.2 V
4. Uchambuzi wa Mkunjo wa Utendaji
The datasheet provides several key graphs illustrating the behavior of the LED under different conditions.
4.1 Uhusiano wa Nguvu ya Mwanga ya Jamaa na Joto la Mazingira
This curve shows that the luminous intensity decreases as the ambient temperature increases. The output is relatively stable from -40°C to approximately 25°C, but the decline becomes more pronounced at higher temperatures, which is typical behavior for LEDs due to increased non-radiative recombination.
4.2 Mkunjo wa Kupunguza Mkondo wa Mbele
This graph defines the maximum allowable forward current as a function of ambient temperature. To prevent overheating and ensure long-term reliability, the forward current must be reduced when operating in high-temperature environments (approximately above 25°C).
4.3 Uhusiano wa Mkondo wa Mbele na Voltage ya Mbele (Mkunjo wa I-V)
Tabia hii ya msingi inaonyesha uhusiano wa kielelezo kati ya mkondo na voltage. Mkunjo huu ni muhimu sana katika kubuni saketi za kudhibiti mkondo (kwa kawaida ni upinzani wa mfululizo). "Kiwango cha kugeuka" ambapo mkunjo huanza kufanya kazi ni takriban 1.6V hadi 1.7V.
4.4 Uhusiano wa Ukali wa Mwanga na Mkondo wa Mbele
Grafu hii inaonyesha kuwa mwazao wa mwanga huongezeka kadri mkondo wa mbele unavyoongezeka, lakini uhusiano sio mstari kamili, haswa katika mikondo ya juu. Inasaidia mbuni kuchagua sehemu ya uendeshaji inayolinganisha mwangaza, ufanisi na mkazo wa kifaa.
4.5 Spectral Distribution
Grafu ya utoaji wa wigo inaonyesha kilele kimoja kilichozingatia takriban 632 nm (kiwango cha kawaida), ikithibitisha utoaji wa mwanga mwekundu wa rangi moja wenye FWHM ya kawaida ya 20 nm.
4.6 Radiation Pattern Diagram
Mchoro wa kuratibu polar unaonyesha pembe ya mtazamo ya digrii 130, unaonyesha usambazaji wa pembe wa ukubwa wa mwanga, ukaribu na usambazaji wa Lambert (usambazaji wa kosini).
5. Mechanical and Packaging Information
5.1 Package Dimensions
The LED features a very compact footprint, with key dimensions as follows (unit: mm, tolerance ±0.1mm, unless otherwise specified):
- Urefu: 1.60
- Upana: 0.80
- Height: 0.65 ±0.1
- Cathode pad size: 0.70 x 0.20 ±0.05
5.2 Polarity Identification and Pad Design
The cathode (negative terminal) is clearly marked on the top of the package. A recommended pad layout is provided to ensure reliable solder joints and correct alignment during the reflow process. The datasheet notes that the pad dimensions are for reference only and can be modified according to specific PCB design requirements.
6. Mwongozo wa Uchomeaji na Usanikishaji
Usindikaji sahihi ni muhimu kwa uaminifu wa vipengele vya SMD.
6.1 Mkunjo wa Joto wa Reflow Soldering (Bila Risasi)
Mkunjo maalum wa joto unapendekezwa:
- Upashio:150-200°C, kwa sekunde 60-120.
- Muda juu ya mstari wa kioevu (TAL):Maintain at above 217°C for 60-150 seconds.
- Peak Temperature:Maximum 260°C, with a maximum hold time of 10 seconds.
- Kiwango cha joto/baridi:Kiwango cha joto hadi 6°C/s, kiwango cha baridi hadi 3°C/s.
Ujumbe Muhimu:Idadi ya kufunga LED kwa mkono haipaswi kuzidi mara mbili.
6.2 Manual Soldering
Ikiwa unahitaji kufunga kwa mkono, lazima uwe mwangalifu sana:
- Tumia chuma cha kulehemu chenye joto la kichwa chini ya 350°C.
- Muda wa kulehemu kwa kila pini usizidi sekunde 3.
- Tumia chuma cha kulehemu chenye nguvu ya 25W au chini.
- Kwa kila pini, usilengane kulehemu kwa angalau sekunde 2 ili kuzuia mshtuko wa joto.
6.3 Storage and Moisture Protection Requirements
LED imepakiwa kwenye mfuko wa kuzuia unyevunyevu ulio na kivundo.
- Kabla ya kufungua:Hifadhi kwa ≤30°C na ≤90% unyevunyevu wa jamaa (RH).
- After Opening (Floor Life):1 year under conditions of ≤30°C and ≤60% RH. Unused LEDs should be resealed in moisture barrier packaging.
- Baking:Ikiwa kiashiria cha dawa ya kukausha kimebadilisha rangi au muda wa uhifadhi umepita, LED inapaswa kukaushwa kwa saa 24 kwenye 60 ±5°C kabla ya kutumia mchakato wa kuyeyusha tena.
7. Habari za Ufungaji na Uagizaji
7.1 Tape and Reel Specifications
Components are supplied in 8mm wide embossed carrier tape, wound on standard 7-inch (178mm) diameter reels. Each reel contains 3000 pieces.
7.2 Label Description
The reel label contains several key codes used to identify the specific binning characteristics of the LEDs on that reel:
- CAT:Luminous intensity grade (e.g., M1, N2).
- HUE:Chromaticity/Dominant Wavelength Grade (e.g., E4, E5).
- REF:Forward Voltage Grade (e.g., 20, 21).
- Maelezo mengine ni pamoja na nambari ya bidhaa ya mteja (CPN), nambari ya bidhaa ya mtengenezaji (P/N), idadi (QTY), na nambari ya kundi (LOT No).
8. Vizingatio vya Ubunifu wa Matumizi
8.1 Lazima Kutumia Upinzani wa Kizuizi cha Mkondo
Mwongozo wa maelezo ya kiufundi unasisitiza, kizuizi cha sasa cha nje lazima kitumike. LED zinaonyesha sifa kali za kielektroniki za I-V; ongezeko dogo la voltage linaweza kusababisha ongezeko kubwa, na hata la uharibifu, la sasa. Thamani ya kizuizi (R) inaweza kuhesabiwa kwa kutumia kanuni ya Ohm: R = (VChanzo cha umeme- V) / I, ambapo VFni voltage ya mwelekeo mzuri inayotokana na kiwango au sifa ya kawaida, IFni mkondo unaotarajiwa wa uendeshaji (≤25mA DC).F8.2 Thermal management.FIngawa ni vifaa vinavyotumia nguvu kidogo, kuzingatia joto bado ni muhimu kwa maisha ya huduma. Katika hali ya joto la mazingira lililoinuka, fuata mkunjo wa kupunguza mkondo wa moja kwa moja. Hakikisha muundo wa pedi za PCB unatoa utoaji wa joto wa kutosha inapohitajika, ingawa pedi zinazopendekezwa zimetengwa hasa kwa ajili ya miunganisho ya umeme na mitambo.
8.3 Ulinzi wa ESD
Kiwango cha ESD ni 2000V (HBM), na tahadhari za kawaida za kuzuia ESD zinapaswa kufuatwa wakati wa uendeshaji na usanikishaji ili kuzuia uharibifu unaowezekana.
9. Ulinganishi wa Teknolojia na Tofauti
The primary differentiation of the 19-219 LED lies in its combination of an extremely small 1.6mm x 0.8mm footprint with a relatively wide 130-degree viewing angle and a comprehensive three-parameter binning system (intensity, wavelength, voltage). This enables designers to achieve consistent optical performance in space-constrained applications where visual uniformity is critical, such as multi-LED backlight arrays or indicator panels. It offers higher density compared to larger SMD LEDs or through-hole LEDs. Compared to other miniature LEDs, its detailed binning provides stronger control over the final product's appearance.
10. Maswali Yanayoulizwa Mara kwa Mara (FAQ)
10.1 Ni upinzani wa thamani gani unapaswa kuchagua wakati wa kutumia chanzo cha umeme cha 5V?
Tumia kiwango cha juu cha kawaida cha V
Thamani 2.2V na lengo I
Thamani 20mA (acha nafasi ya ziada): R = (5V - 2.2V) / 0.020A = 140 ohms. Thamani ya kawaida iliyo karibu zaidi ya 150 ohms itasababisha IF≈ 18.7mA, ambayo ni salama na inatoa mwangaza mzuri. Daima hesabu kulingana na V halisi ya kiwango chako maalumFThamani inathibitishwa.F10.2 Je, inawezekana kutotumia upinzani wa kudhibiti mkondo unapotumia chanzo cha mkondo wa mara kwa mara?FNdiyo, kichocheo cha mkondo wa mara kwa mara kilichowekwa kwa mkondo unaohitajika (mfano 20mA) ni mbadala bora ya kupinga mfululizo, hutoa utendaji thabiti zaidi chini ya mabadiliko ya joto na voltage.
10.3 Kwa nini anuwai ya nguvu ya mwanga ni pana sana (18-45 mcd)?
Hii ni tofauti asilia katika mchakato wa utengenezaji. Mfumo wa kugawa katika vikundi (M1, M2, N1, N2) huwagawia LED katika makundi madogo zaidi. Ili kuhakikisha mwangaza unaolingana katika matumizi, taja na utumie LED kutoka kwa kikundi kimoja cha nguvu ya mwanga.
10.4 Je, nambari ya sehemu 19-219/R6C-AM1N2VY/3T inasomwaje?
Nambari hii ya sehemu ni msimbo maalum wa mtengenezaji. Taarifa muhimu za uteuzi ziko kwenye lebo ya reel kwenye misimbo huru ya kugawa katika vikundi (CAT, HUE, REF), ambayo hufafanua nguvu halisi ya mwanga, wavelength kuu, na voltage ya mbele ya kifaa.
11. Uundaji na Uchambuzi wa Kesi za Matumizi
Tukio: Unda jopo la kiashiria cha hali nyepesi lenye LED 20 nyekundu zenye mwangaza sawa.
Uchaguzi wa Vigezo:
Chagua kiwango cha mwangaza N1 (28.5-36.0 mcd) ili kupata mwangaza wa kutosha. Chagua kiwango cha urefu wa wimbi E4 (621.5-625.5 nm) ili kupata rangi nyekundu thabiti. Ikiwa utatumia upinzani wa mfululizo ulio pekee, kiwango cha voltage ya mbele hakitaathiri usawa sana, lakini kuchagua kiwango sawa (k.m. 20) kunaweza kurahisisha hesabu za thamani za upinzani.
- Mchoro wa kanuni:Kila LED imeunganishwa sambamba kutoka kwa reli ya kawaida ya voltage (k.m. 3.3V), na kila LED ina upinzani wake wa kudhibiti mkondo. Thamani ya upinzani inakokotolewa kulingana na V ya kawaida ya safu ya voltage iliyochaguliwa.
- Thamani inakokotolewa.PCB Layout:FTumia muundo ulipendekezwa au uliorekebishwa wa pedi. Hakikisha alama ya cathode kwenye PCB inalingana na polarity ya LED. Panga LED kwa karibu ili kufanikisha athari ya paneli.
- Usanikishaji:Fanya kazi kwa kufuata kwa usahihi mkunjo wa joto wa reflow. Usizidi mzunguko wa reflow mara mbili. Ikiwa hautatumiwa mara moja, hifadhi vizuri reeli iliyofunguliwa.
- Matokeo:Shukrani kwa ukubwa mdogo na uainishaji sahihi wa LED 19-219, imewezekana kutekeleza paneli ya viashiria vya msongamano wa juu yenye muundo wa rangi na mwangaza sawa.
- 12. Utangulizi wa Kanuni za KiufundiLED 19-219 inategemea nyenzo za semiconductor za AlGaInP (Aluminiumi-Galiamu-Indiamu-Fosforasi). Wakati voltage chanya inatumika kwenye kiunganishi p-n, elektroni na mashimo huingizwa kwenye eneo lenye uwezo na hufanyika mchanganyiko ndani yake. Katika LED ya AlGaInP, mchanganyiko huu hutoa nishati kwa njia ya fotoni (mwanga), iko katika sehemu ya nyekundu hadi ya kahawia ya wigo unaoonekana. Muundo maalum wa safu ya AlGaInP huamua urefu wa wimbi la kilele, katika mfano huu umebadilishwa ili kutoa mionzi nyekundu angavu ya takriban nm 632. Nyenzo za kufunga za epoksi ni nyeupe maji, ili kuongeza ufanisi wa uchimbaji wa mwanga, na pia hutumika kulinda chip ya semiconductor.
13. Industry Trends and Development
Soko la vijidodo vya SMD kama vile 19-219 linaendelea kusukumwa na mwenendo unaoendelea wa vifaa vya elektroniki kuwa vidogo na nyembamba zaidi. Maendeleo muhimu katika sekta pana zaidi ya LED yanayoathiri vipengele kama hivi ni pamoja na:
Uboreshaji wa Ufanisi:
Uboreshaji endelevu wa nyenzo na michumo huleta ufanisi mkubwa wa kutolea mwanga (kutolea mwanga zaidi kwa kila wati ya umeme), na hivyo kuruhusu matumizi ya mkondo wa chini wa uendeshaji katika bidhaa za mwisho na kupunguza matumizi ya nguvu.
- Uimarishaji wa uthabiti wa rangi:Advanced binning and wafer-level testing enable stricter control over chromaticity and intensity, which is crucial for applications where uniformity is paramount, such as display backlighting.
- Reliability and Lifetime Improvement:Improvements in packaging materials and chip design continue to extend operational lifetime and enhance robustness against thermal and environmental stress.
- Integration:Ingawa LED tofauti bado ni muhimu, pia kuna mwelekeo wa kuelekea moduli za LED zilizounganishwa na bodi za kuongoza mwanga kwa ajili ya suluhisho za taa ngumu zaidi, ingawa vipengele tofauti vinatoa urahisi wa juu wa muundo kwa mpangilio maalum.
- 19-219 inawakilisha kipengele kilichokomaa na kilichofafanuliwa wazi, kinachofaidika na maendeleo endelevu ya tasnia katika sayansi ya nyenzo na usahihi wa utengenezaji.While discrete LEDs remain essential, there is a parallel trend towards integrated LED modules and light guides for more complex lighting solutions, though discrete components offer maximum design flexibility for custom layouts.
The 19-219 inawakilisha sehemu iliyokomaa na iliyofafanuliwa vizuri ambayo inafaidika na maendeleo haya ya kudumu ya tasnia katika sayansi ya nyenzo na usahihi wa utengenezaji.
Ufafanuzi wa Istilahi za Vigezo vya LED
Ufafanuzi Kamili wa Istilahi za Teknolojia ya LED
I. Viashiria Muhimu vya Utendaji wa Kielektroniki na Mwanga
| Istilahi | Unit/Representation | Layman's Explanation | Why It Matters |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ufanisi wa Mwanga (Luminous Efficacy) | lm/W (lumeni kwa watt) | Kiasi cha mwanga kinachotolewa kwa kila wati wa umeme, cha juu zaidi ndivyo kinachoweka nishati. | Huamua moja kwa moja kiwango cha ufanisi wa nishati ya taa na gharama ya umeme. |
| Luminous Flux | lm (lumen) | Jumla ya mwanga unaotolewa na chanzo cha mwanga, unaojulikana kwa jina la "mwangaza". | Kuamua kama taa inatoa mwanga wa kutosha. |
| Pembe ya kuangazia (Viewing Angle) | ° (digrii), kama vile 120° | Pembe wakati ukali wa mwanga unapungua kwa nusu, huamua upana wa boriti. | Huathiri eneo la mwangaza na usawa wake. |
| Color Temperature (CCT) | K (Kelvin), e.g., 2700K/6500K | The warmth or coolness of light color; lower values are yellowish/warm, higher values are whitish/cool. | Huamua mazingira ya taa na matumizi yanayofaa. |
| Kielelezo cha Uonyeshaji Rangi (CRI / Ra) | No unit, 0–100 | The ability of a light source to reproduce the true colors of objects, Ra≥80 is recommended. | Affects color fidelity, used in high-demand places such as shopping malls and art galleries. |
| Tofauti ya uvumilivu wa rangi (SDCM) | Hatua za duaradufu za MacAdam, k.m. "5-step" | Kipimo cha nambari cha usawa wa rangi, hatua ndogo zaidi inaonyesha usawa mkubwa wa rangi. | Hakikisha hakuna tofauti ya rangi kati ya taa za kundi moja. |
| Dominant Wavelength | nm (nanomita), k.m. 620nm (nyekundu) | Thamani ya wavelength inayolingana na rangi ya LED ya rangi. | Amua rangi ya LED za rangi moja kama nyekundu, manjano, kijani, n.k. |
| Spectral Distribution | Wavelength vs. Intensity Curve | Inaonyesha usambazaji wa ukubwa wa mwanga unaotolewa na LED katika urefu wa wimbi tofauti. | Huathiri uhalisi wa kuonyesha rangi na ubora wa rangi. |
II. Vigezo vya Umeme
| Istilahi | Ishara | Layman's Explanation | Mambo ya Kuzingatia katika Ubunifu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Voltage ya Mbele (Forward Voltage) | Vf | Voltage ya chini inayohitajika kuwasha LED, kama "kizingiti cha kuanzisha". | Voltage ya chanzo cha usukumaji lazima iwe ≥ Vf, voltage inajumlishwa wakati LED nyingi zimeunganishwa mfululizo. |
| Forward Current | If | The current value that allows the LED to emit light normally. | Mara nyingi hutumia usukumaji wa mkondo wa kudumu, mkondo huamua mwangaza na maisha. |
| Mkondo wa juu zaidi wa msukumo (Pulse Current) | Ifp | Peak current that can be withstood for a short period, used for dimming or flashing. | Pulse width and duty cycle must be strictly controlled, otherwise overheating damage will occur. |
| Reverse Voltage | Vr | The maximum reverse voltage that an LED can withstand; exceeding it may cause breakdown. | Mzunguko unahitaji kuzuia uunganishaji wa nyuma au mshtuko wa voltage. |
| Thermal Resistance | Rth (°C/W) | Upinzani wa joto kutoka kwenye chip hadi kwenye sehemu ya kuunganishia, thamani ya chini inaonyesha usambazaji bora wa joto. | Upinzani mkubwa wa joto unahitaji muundo wenye nguvu zaidi wa kupoza joto, vinginevyo joto la kiungo litaongezeka. |
| Uvumilivu wa Utoaji Umeme wa Tuli (ESD Immunity) | V (HBM), k.m. 1000V | Uwezo wa kukabiliana na mshtuko wa umeme, thamani ya juu zaidi inaweza kuzuia uharibifu wa umeme. | Katika uzalishaji, ni muhimu kuchukua hatua za kinga dhidi ya umeme, hasa kwa LED zenye usikivu mkubwa. |
Tatu, Usimamizi wa Joto na Uaminifu
| Istilahi | Viashiria Muhimu | Layman's Explanation | Athari |
|---|---|---|---|
| Joto la Kiungo (Junction Temperature) | Tj (°C) | Joto halisi la kufanya kazi ndani ya Chip ya LED. | For every 10°C reduction, the lifespan may double; excessively high temperatures lead to lumen depreciation and color shift. |
| Lumen Depreciation | L70 / L80 (saa) | Muda unaohitajika ili mwangaza upunguke hadi 70% au 80% ya thamani ya awali. | Kufafanua moja kwa moja "maisha ya huduma" ya LED. |
| Lumen Maintenance | % (e.g., 70%) | Asilimia ya mwangaza uliobaki baada ya kutumia kwa muda fulani. | Inaonyesha uwezo wa kudumisha mwangaza baada ya matumizi ya muda mrefu. |
| Color Shift | Δu′v′ or MacAdam Ellipse | The degree of color change during usage. | Inaathiri usawa wa rangi katika mandhari ya taa. |
| Uzeefu wa joto (Thermal Aging) | Kupungua kwa utendaji wa nyenzo | Uharibifu wa nyenzo za ufungaji unaosababishwa na joto la muda mrefu. | Inaweza kusababisha kupungua kwa mwangaza, mabadiliko ya rangi, au kushindwa kwa mzunguko wazi. |
IV. Ufungaji na Nyenzo
| Istilahi | Aina za Kawaida | Layman's Explanation | Sifa na Matumizi |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aina ya Ufungashaji | EMC, PPA, Kauri | Nyenzo za kifuniko zinazolinda chip na kutoa mwingiliano wa mwanga na joto. | EMC ina msimamo mzuri wa joto na gharama nafuu; kauri ina usambazaji bora wa joto na maisha marefu. |
| Muundo wa chip | Front-side, Flip Chip | Chip Electrode Layout. | Inverted mounting offers better heat dissipation and higher luminous efficacy, making it suitable for high-power applications. |
| Phosphor coating | YAG, silicate, nitride | Coated on the blue LED chip, partially converted to yellow/red light, mixed to form white light. | Different phosphors affect luminous efficacy, color temperature, and color rendering. |
| Lens/Optical Design | Flat, Microlens, Total Internal Reflection | Optical structures on the encapsulation surface, controlling light distribution. | Determines the emission angle and light distribution curve. |
V. Quality Control and Binning
| Istilahi | Bin Content | Layman's Explanation | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Luminous Flux Binning | Codes such as 2G, 2H | Grouped by brightness level, each group has a minimum/maximum lumen value. | Hakikisha mwangaza wa bidhaa za kundi moja unaolingana. |
| Voltage binning | Codes such as 6W, 6X | Grouped by forward voltage range. | Facilitates driver power supply matching and improves system efficiency. |
| Color Grading | 5-step MacAdam ellipse | Group by color coordinates to ensure colors fall within a minimal range. | Ensure color consistency to avoid uneven colors within the same luminaire. |
| Color temperature binning | 2700K, 3000K, n.k. | Pangawianishwa kulingana na joto la rangi, kila kikundi kina safu maalum ya kuratibu. | Inakidhi mahitaji ya joto tofauti la rangi kwa matukio mbalimbali. |
Sita, Uchunguzi na Uthibitishaji
| Istilahi | Kigezo/Uchunguzi | Layman's Explanation | Maana |
|---|---|---|---|
| LM-80 | Upimaji wa Uendelevu wa Lumeni | Long-term illumination under constant temperature conditions, recording brightness attenuation data. | Used to estimate LED lifetime (combined with TM-21). |
| TM-21 | Life Projection Standard | Estimating the lifespan under actual operating conditions based on LM-80 data. | Toa utabiri wa kisayansi wa maisha ya taa. |
| IESNA standard | Illuminating Engineering Society Standards | Covers optical, electrical, and thermal test methods. | Industry-recognized testing basis. |
| RoHS / REACH | Uthibitisho wa mazingira | Hakikisha bidhaa haina vitu hatari (kama risasi, zebaki). | Masharti ya kuingia katika soko la kimataifa. |
| ENERGY STAR / DLC | Uthibitisho wa Ufanisi wa Nishati | Uthibitisho wa Ufanisi wa Nishati na Utendaji kwa Bidhaa za Taa. | Inatumika kwa shughuli za ununuzi wa serikali na miradi ya ruzuku, kuboresha ushindani wa soko. |