Binciken Kididdiga na Matsi na Kayan Aiki a Tsarin SMT Pick da Place

1. Gabatarwa

Fasahar Mount Surface (SMT) ita ce babbar hanyar haɗa kayan aikin lantarki a kan allunan da'ira da aka buga (PCBs). Tsarin ɗauka da sanyawa (P&P), inda ake sanya kayan aikin a kan man guduma mai laushi, mataki ne mai mahimmanci. Wani abu mai sauƙi amma mai mahimmanci a wannan mataki shine matsawar kayan aiki—motsin da ba a so na kayan aiki a kan man guduma mai laushi kafin a sake yin guduma.

A al'ada, ana ɗaukar wannan matsawar ba ta da muhimmanci, sau da yawa ana dogaro da tasirin "daidaita kai" na tsarin sake guduma don gyara ƙananan kurakuran sanyawa. Duk da haka, yayin da girman kayan aiki ya ragu zuwa ma'auni na ƙasa da milimita kuma buƙatun masana'antu don ƙimar lahani kusa da sifili suka ƙaru, fahimta da sarrafa wannan matsawar ya zama mafi mahimmanci don samarwa mai yawan amfanin ƙasa.

Wannan takarda ta magance wani gibi mai mahimmanci: yayin da akwai binciken da ya gabata, babu wanda ya yi amfani da bayanai daga cikakken layin samarwa na zamani. Binciken yana da nufin: 1) Bayyana halin matsawar kayan aiki, da 2) Gano da kuma tsara mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da matsawar ta amfani da bayanan ainihi.

2. Hanyoyi & Tattara Bayanai

2.1 Tsarin Gwaji

An tattara bayanai daga cikakken layin haɗa SMT, wanda ya haɗa da Buga Stencil (SPP), ɗauka da sanyawa (P&P), da tashoshin dubawa (SPI, Pre-AOI). Binciken ya mayar da hankali kan nau'ikan kayan aikin lantarki guda shida daban-daban don tabbatar da gama gari.

Mahimman Ma'auni & Ma'auni masu Sarrafawa:

• Kaddarorin Man Guduma: Matsayi (X, Y karkata), girma, yanki na pad, tsayi/kauri na stencil.
• Abubuwan Kayan Aiki: Nau'i, tsarin matsakaicin tsakiya akan PCB.
• Ma'auni na Tsari: Matsin sanyawa/ƙarfi daga kan na'urar P&P.
• Ma'auni na Sakamako: Matsawar kayan aiki da aka auna (motsi a cikin hanyoyin X da Y) wanda tsarin Pre-AOI ya kama.

2.2 Hanyoyin Kididdiga

An yi amfani da hanyar kididdiga mai fuskoki da yawa:

• Kididdiga na Bayani & Hoto: Don fahimtar rarrabawa da girman matsawar.
• Binciken Tasiri na Babba: Don tantance tasirin kowane abu (misali, girin man guduma, nau'in kayan aiki) akan girman matsawar.
• Binciken Koma-baya: Don ƙirƙira alaƙa tsakanin abubuwan shigar da yawa da sakamakon matsawar, ƙididdige tasirin haɗin gwiwarsu.
• Gwajin Hasashe: Don tabbatar da mahimmancin kididdiga na abubuwan da aka gano.

3. Sakamako & Bincike

3.1 Halin Matsawar Kayan Aiki

Bayanai sun nuna cikakken cewa matsawar kayan aiki wani abu ne mai mahimmanci, tsari na yau da kullun. An lura da matsawa a cikin duk nau'ikan kayan aiki, tare da girma sau da yawa ya wuce iyakokin jurewa na ƙananan kayan aiki na zamani. Rarraba matsawar ba bazuwar ba ne kawai, yana nuna tasiri daga takamaiman ma'auni na tsari.

3.2 Binciken Abubuwan da ke Haifar da Matsi

Binciken kididdiga ya nuna manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da matsawar kayan aiki. An jera abubuwan da ke ƙasa bisa ga tasirin su:

1. Matsayi na Man Guduma/Karkatar da Ajiya: Abu mafi mahimmanci guda ɗaya. Rashin daidaitawa tsakanin man guduma da aka ajiye da pad ɗin PCB yana haifar da ƙarfin laushi mara daidaituwa, yana "ja" kayan aikin.
2. Tsarin Matsayin Kayan Aiki akan PCB: Tasirin da ya dogara da wuri, mai yuwuwa yana da alaƙa da lanƙwasa allon, nodes na girgiza, ko bambance-bambancen kayan aiki a fadin panel.
3. Nau'in Kayan Aiki: Girma, nauyi, da lissafin pad suna shafar kwanciyar hankali akan man guduma. Ƙananan kayan aiki, masu sauƙi sun fi saurin matsawa.
4. Girman Man Guduma & Tsayi: Rashin isasshen man guduma ko wuce gona da iri yana shafar ƙarfin manne da halin zubewa.
5. Matsin Sanyawa: Duk da yana da mahimmanci, tasirinsa bai yi fice ba fiye da manyan abubuwa uku a cikin tsarin wannan binciken.

3.3 Muhimman Binciken Kididdiga

4. Cikakkun Bayanai na Fasaha & Tsarin Lissafi

Ana iya ƙirƙira matsawar kayan aiki a matsayin matsalar rashin daidaituwar ƙarfi. Ƙarfin dawo da ƙarfin tashin hankali da danko na man guduma yana adawa da ƙarfin matsawa (misali, daga girgiza, zubewar man guduma). Ana iya bayyana ƙirar da aka sauƙaƙa don yanayin daidaitawa kamar haka:

$\sum \vec{F}_{\text{dawo da}} = \vec{F}_{\text{ƙarfin tashin hankali}} + \vec{F}_{\text{danko}}} = \sum \vec{F}_{\text{tsangwama}}$

Inda ƙarfin dawo da yake aiki ne na lissafin man guduma da kaddarorin kayan: $F_{\text{ƙarfin tashin hankali}} \propto \gamma \cdot P$ (γ shine ƙarfin tashin hankali, P shine kewayen pad), da $F_{\text{danko}} \propto \eta \cdot \frac{dv}{dz} \cdot A$ (η shine danko, dv/dz shine ƙimar yanke, A shine yanki). Binciken koma-baya a zahiri ya ƙididdige yadda abubuwa kamar karkatar da man guduma (wanda ke shafar rashin daidaituwar ƙarfi) da girma (wanda ke shafar A da P) suka daidaita wannan lissafin.

5. Sakamakon Gwaji & Bayanin Chati

Chati 1: Babban Tasirin Zane don Matsawar Kayan Aiki. Wannan chati zai nuna matsakaicin girman matsawa akan Y-axis da ya bambanta da matakan kowane abu (Karkatar da Man Guduma, Nau'in Kayan Aiki, da sauransu) akan X-axis. Gangaren gangare don "Karkatar da Man Guduma" zai tabbatar da gani a matsayin abu mafi tasiri, yana nuna bayyananniyar alaƙar layi tsakanin kuskuren karkata da sakamakon matsawa.

Chati 2: Zane mai watse & Layin Koma-baya na Matsi vs. Kuskuren Matsayi na Man Guduma. Gajimare na maki bayanai suna zana matsawar da aka auna (Y-axis) da kuskuren ajiyar man guduma da aka auna (X-axis). Layin koma-baya da aka daidaita tare da gangaren tabbatacce da babban ƙimar R² zai ba da shaida mai ƙarfi na kai tsaye, alaƙar da za a iya ƙididdige tsakanin waɗannan ma'auni biyu.

Chati 3: Akwatin Zane na Matsi ta Nau'in Kayan Aiki. Akwatuna shida a gefe, kowanne yana nuna matsakaici, kwata, da abubuwan da suka wuce kima na matsawa don nau'in kayan aiki ɗaya. Wannan zai bayyana waɗanne nau'ikan kayan aiki suka fi canzawa ko kuma sun fi yin manyan matsawa, suna goyan bayan binciken abu na "Nau'in Kayan Aiki".

6. Tsarin Bincike: Misalin Nazarin Shari'a

Yanayi: Masana'anta ta lura da karuwar kashi 0.5% na gazawar Post-AOI don takamaiman capacitor 0402 a wurin B12 akan panel.

Aiwatar da Tsarin Wannan Binciken:

1. Tsarin Bayanai: Ware bayanan SPI don man guduma a wurin B12 da bayanan Pre-AOI don kayan aikin 0402 a B12.
2. Binciken Abu - Matsayi na Man Guduma: Lissafin matsakaici da madaidaicin karkata (X,Y) don pad a B12. Kwatanta da matsakaicin panel. Karkatar da tsari zai zama wanda ake zargi da farko.
3. Binciken Abu - Wuri & Nau'in Kayan Aiki: Tabbatar ko wasu kayan aikin 0402 a wani wuri a kan panel suna gazawa. Idan ba haka ba, hulɗar "Nau'in Kayan Aiki (0402)" da "Tsarin Matsayi (B12)"—watakila wurin girgiza mai zafi—ana shigar da shi.
4. Tushen Dalili & Aiki: Idan karkatar da man guduma shine dalili, daidaita na'urar buga stencil don wannan takamaiman wuri. Idan girgiza ne na takamaiman wuri, aiwatar da damping ko daidaita saurin conveyor don wannan yanki na panel.

Wannan tsari, hanyar da ta dogara da bayanai tana motsawa daga alamar zuwa tushen dalili yadda ya kamata, tana amfani da jerin abubuwan da aka jera a matsayin jagorar bincike.

7. Ra'ayin Mai Nazarin Masana'antu

Mahimman Fahimta: Wannan takarda tana ba da cikakkiyar gaskiya, tabbatacciyar gaskiya: "tsaron daidaita kai" a cikin sake guduma ya lalace don SMT na ci gaba. Marubutan sun canza tsarin inganci zuwa sama yadda ya kamata, suna tabbatar da cewa matsawar P&P shine babban mai haifar da lahani, ba abu maras muhimmanci ba. Amfani da bayanan samarwa na ainihi, ba simintin gwaje-gwaje na dakin gwaje-gwaje ba, yana ba da sahihan binciken nan take da gaggawar aiki.

Kwararar Hankali: Hankalin binciken yana da ƙarfi. Ya fara ne da ƙalubalantar zato na masana'antu, yana tattara shaida daga mafi mahimmancin yanayi (benen masana'anta), yana amfani da kayan aikin kididdiga masu dacewa don fassara rikitarwa, kuma yana ba da bayyanannen jerin abubuwan da ake zargi. Mayar da hankali kan nau'ikan kayan aiki da yawa yana hana wuce gona da iri daga shari'a ɗaya.

Ƙarfi & Kurakurai: Babban ƙarfi shine babu shakka—ingancin duniya na ainihi. Wannan ba ka'idar ba ce; rahoton bincike ne daga sahun gaba. Tsara abubuwan yana ba da shirin aiki nan take don injiniyoyin tsari. Babban aibi, gama gari a cikin irin waɗannan binciken, shine yanayin "abubuwan na'urar" mai baƙar fata. Duk da yake an ambaci girgiza ko rashin kwanciyar hankali na conveyor, ba a ƙididdige su da bayanan accelerometer ko makamantansu ba. Binciken yana danganta matsawar da aka lura da ma'auni masu aunawa (man guduma, matsayi) amma ya bar lafiyar na'ura mai girma a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa, maimakon auna. Haɗin kai mai zurfi tare da bayanan IoT na kayan aiki zai zama mataki na gaba na hankali.

Fahimta masu Aiki: Ga manajojin layin SMT da injiniyoyin tsari, wannan binciken ya ba da umarni ga ayyuka uku: 1) Ɗaukaka bayanan SPI da Pre-AOI daga sa ido maras aiki zuwa shigarwar sarrafa tsari. Alakar tsakanin karkatar da man guduma da matsawa kai tsaye ce kuma mai aiki. 2) Aiwatar da kayan girki na takamaiman wuri. Idan matsayin kayan aiki akan panel yana da mahimmanci, daidaitawa da tsare-tsaren dubawa yakamata su nuna hakan, suna motsawa daga hanyoyin panel guda ɗaya. 3) Sake kimanta "karɓaɓɓun" iyakoki don ajiyar man guduma da daidaiton sanyawa bisa ga waɗannan binciken, musamman ga ƙananan kayan aiki. Yiwuwar bandeji na buƙatar ƙarfafawa.

Wannan aikin ya yi daidai da manyan yanayin masana'antu mai hankali da Industry 4.0, inda bincike kamar "Hanyar Tsarin Cyber-Physical zuwa hasashen ingancin haɗin SMT" (Zhang et al., IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2021) ke ba da shawarar amsawar kulle-kulle tsakanin tashoshin dubawa da kayan aikin tsari. Wannan takarda tana ba da takamaiman alaƙar dalili da sakamako da ake buƙata don gina waɗannan madaukai masu hankali.

8. Aikace-aikace na Gaba & Hanyoyin Bincike

Binciken ya buɗe hanyoyi da yawa don ƙirƙira:

• Sarrafa Tsari mai Hasashe: Haɗa ƙirar koma-baya cikin tsarin ainihin lokaci. Bayanan SPI na iya hasashen yuwuwar matsawa ga kowane kayan aiki, yana barin na'urar P&P ta daidaita daidaitattun sanyawa don biyan diyya a baya don motsin da ake tsammani.
• AI/ML don Binciken Tushen Dalili: Faɗaɗa bayanan bayanai don haɗa ma'auni na lafiyar na'ura (bakan girgiza, igiyoyin motar servo) da kuma amfani da koyon na'ura (misali, Dazuzzukan Random, Haɓaka Gradient) don gano hulɗar da ba ta layi ba da ɓoyayyun abubuwan da suka wuce iyakar koma-baya na al'ada.
• Kayan Aiki na Ci Gaba & Tsarin Man Guduma: Bincike cikin man guduma tare da "ƙarfin manne" mafi girma ko kaddarorin rheological da aka keɓance don ƙara daidaita kayan aiki bayan sanyawa, yana magance kai tsaye rashin daidaituwar ƙarfin da aka gano.
• Ci gaban Ma'auni: Wannan aikin yana ba da tushe na gwaji ga ƙungiyoyin masana'antu kamar IPC don sabunta ma'auni (misali, IPC-A-610) tare da ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan ma'auni na karɓa, waɗanda suka dogara da bayanai don sanyawar kayan aiki kafin sake guduma.

9. Nassoshi

1. Hoto na 1 an daidaita shi daga daidaitattun wallafe-wallafen kwararar tsarin SMT.
2. Lau, J. H. (2016). Man Guduma a cikin Marufi na Lantarki. Springer. (Don kaddarorin kayan man guduma).
3. Whalley, D. C. (1992). Ƙirar da aka sauƙaƙa na tsarin haɗawa don kayan aikin mount surface. Duniya Circuit. (Aikin farko akan ƙarfi yayin sanyawa).
4. Lea, C. (2019). Jagorar Kimiyya zuwa Sake Guduma na SMT. Wallafe-wallafen Lantarki. (Yana tattauna iyakokin daidaita kai).
5. Montgomery, D. C. (2017). Zane da Binciken Gwaje-gwaje. Wiley. (Tushen hanyoyin kididdiga da aka yi amfani da su).
6. Zhang, Y., et al. (2021). Hanyar Tsarin Cyber-Physical zuwa hasashen ingancin haɗin SMT. IEEE Transactions akan Bayanan Masana'antu. (Don yanayin masana'antu mai hankali na gaba).
7. IPC-A-610H (2020). Karɓuwar Ƙungiyoyin Lantarki. Ƙungiyar IPC.